北外莊繹傳教授:我的25點(diǎn)翻譯體會(huì)
www.thedirectivegroup.com [2014-12-22] 雨林上海翻譯公司
13.主語(yǔ)的位置。英語(yǔ)往往把目的狀語(yǔ)或其他成分放在句首,然后再出主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞靠得較近。漢語(yǔ)則往往先出主語(yǔ)。
To protect the whale form the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.
大自然為了保護(hù)鯨魚(yú),使它不致在北冰洋受凍,便讓它長(zhǎng)了厚厚的一層脂肪,叫做鯨脂。
14.英語(yǔ)的書(shū)面語(yǔ)差不多每個(gè)句子都要有主語(yǔ),漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)則不那么重要,如果前面已把主語(yǔ)說(shuō)清楚,后面的句子不一定用主語(yǔ)。甚至在一個(gè)句子里應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)另外一個(gè)主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,這個(gè)主語(yǔ)仍然可以省略。
They used this kind of scare tactic when I was growing up. I wonder what they use today.
我小的時(shí)候,他們用過(guò)這種嚇唬人的辦法,F(xiàn)在用什么辦法,就不得而知了。(譯文第二句,兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)“他們”和“我”都沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)。)
15.英語(yǔ)有who, which等詞,可以引出定語(yǔ)從句,漢語(yǔ)多用并列分句,或單成一句,有時(shí)可把定語(yǔ)從句先處理。
Richardson, who served as both Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare during the Nixon Administration, was talking about the negotiations for a Law of the Sea treaty, which came to a virtual conclusion last week after six years of deliberations.
理查森曾在尼克松政府中擔(dān)任國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)和衛(wèi)生、教育和福利部長(zhǎng),他是在談到關(guān)于海洋法條約的談判時(shí)說(shuō)這番話的。(譯文用了并列分句)
I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.
有些作家,讀者要費(fèi)力氣才能看懂他們的意思,我對(duì)這樣的作家一向是沒(méi)有多少耐心的。(原文中的定語(yǔ)從句在譯文中提前處理。)
16.英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)部分可以很長(zhǎng),其中包括幾個(gè)介詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),漢語(yǔ)往往用分句來(lái)表達(dá),或者獨(dú)立成句。
The 180-page document, with more than 300 articles and eight annexes, definitively covers every conceivable issue dealing with the seas, from the definition of what constitutes an island to the jurisdiction over fish that live in fresh water but spawn in the ocean.
這份長(zhǎng)達(dá)一百八十頁(yè)的文件,有三百余條,并有八個(gè)附件。它涉及能夠想到的每一個(gè)與海洋有關(guān)的問(wèn)題,從島嶼的定義,到對(duì)在淡水生長(zhǎng)而在海洋產(chǎn)卵的魚(yú)類(lèi)的管轄權(quán),都做了明確的規(guī)定。(原文中的主語(yǔ)部分獨(dú)立成句。)
17.英語(yǔ)除了有who, which等詞外,還有動(dòng)詞的-ing形式,因此句子可以很長(zhǎng),但組織得很?chē)?yán)密。漢語(yǔ)敘事,則多用并列結(jié)構(gòu),一層一層地把事情說(shuō)清楚。有時(shí)可以把較長(zhǎng)地句子譯成幾個(gè)短句。
In the winter of 1879, James Lecky, exchequer clerk from Ireland, and privately interested in phonetics, keyboard temperament, and Gaelic, all of which subjects he imposed on me, dragged me to a meeting of a debating society called The Zetetical: a junior copy of the once well known Dialectical Society founded to discuss John Stuart Mill’s Essay on Liberty when that was new.
1879年冬天,詹姆斯·萊基拉我去參加一次辯論會(huì)。萊基是愛(ài)爾蘭人,在財(cái)政部門(mén)當(dāng)職員,有空喜歡研究語(yǔ)音,練習(xí)彈琴,學(xué)習(xí)蓋爾語(yǔ),他還硬讓我也學(xué)這些東西。這次他帶我去參加的辯論會(huì)是一個(gè)名叫“探索學(xué)會(huì)”的團(tuán)體舉辦的。當(dāng)年約翰·斯圖爾特·米爾的文章《論自由》剛剛發(fā)表時(shí)候,成立過(guò)一個(gè)“辯證學(xué)會(huì)”來(lái)討論這篇文章,這個(gè)學(xué)會(huì)曾名噪一時(shí)。探索學(xué)會(huì)就是仿照這個(gè)學(xué)會(huì)建立起來(lái)的,只是沒(méi)有它那么有名罷了。(原文雖然較長(zhǎng),但并不很復(fù)雜。主語(yǔ)部分有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)部分有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)和一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。譯文則分成了五個(gè)句子。)
18.漢語(yǔ)一般不用一連串的定語(yǔ),一連串的“的字。適當(dāng)?shù)卦凇暗摹弊智霸黾觿?dòng)詞,就顯得有些變化,不那么單調(diào)。
The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that would relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms.
庫(kù)拉索島上的實(shí)驗(yàn)取得巨大的成功.引起了佛羅里達(dá)州牲畜飼養(yǎng)者的興趣.他們也想以同樣的辦法消除螺旋錐蠅這一禍害.(原文主語(yǔ)部分是一名詞定語(yǔ),若譯作“庫(kù)拉索島上的實(shí)驗(yàn)的巨大成功”,就連用了兩個(gè)“的”字.如在第二個(gè)“的”字前面加上“取得”二字,就好一點(diǎn),F(xiàn)在把這一部分譯成一個(gè)分句就更好了。)
19.英語(yǔ)在一個(gè)句子里往往先說(shuō)個(gè)人的感受,再說(shuō)與感受有關(guān)的動(dòng)作,最后才說(shuō)最初發(fā)生的事情。漢語(yǔ)則相反,往往按照事情發(fā)生的順序來(lái)敘述,最后才說(shuō)個(gè)人的感受。
The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher,Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.
在我的記憶里,安妮·曼斯菲爾德·沙利文老師來(lái)的那一天,是我一生中最重要的日子。從這一天開(kāi)始,我的生活和以前迥然不同,一想到這一點(diǎn),我就感到非常興奮。
20.表達(dá)同樣的意思,英語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)比較緊,漢語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)比較松。
A gang of men, under the direction of their energetic and likeable foreman, 25-year-old Phineas P. Gage, was working on a new line of the Rutland and Burlington railroad.
一伙工人正跟著他們的領(lǐng)班在拉特蘭-伯靈頓鐵路的新線路上干活。這位領(lǐng)班名叫菲尼斯·P·蓋奇,二十五歲,他精力充沛,待人和氣。(原文是一簡(jiǎn)單句,有一個(gè)主語(yǔ),一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,卻包含了這么多內(nèi)容,結(jié)構(gòu)顯得比較緊。譯文分為兩句,第二句還包含兩個(gè)并列分句,結(jié)構(gòu)顯得比較松。)
21.拆句的情況多,合句的情況少。
Poets as we know have always a made great use of alliteration. They are persuaded that the repetition of a sound gives an effect of beauty.
我們知道,詩(shī)人一般總喜歡押頭韻,覺(jué)得重復(fù)一個(gè)聲音會(huì)產(chǎn)生美的效果。(原文兩句都比較短,譯文合成一句,語(yǔ)氣較順。)
22.注意文體,應(yīng)該用口語(yǔ)的地方,選用適合口語(yǔ)的詞句。
“I remember thinking, ‘No. No. It’s not Jackson, it’s not my husband, it’s not my Jackson,’” she said. “But it was. He was lying in the street, right across from our house. The police said a man shot him over a parking space.”
“記得我當(dāng)時(shí)就想:‘不,不。不是杰克遜,不是我丈夫,不是我的杰克遜’”她說(shuō)。“可是,那不是別人,正是他。他躺在大街上,就在我們的房子對(duì)面。警察說(shuō),為了爭(zhēng)一塊停車(chē)的地方,人家把他打死了!
23.一段文章的最后一句,特別是全文最后一段的最后一句,要比較有力,否則文章煞不住。中英文都是這樣。翻譯時(shí)就要把這最后一句的分量表達(dá)出來(lái),給人以深刻的印象。
Words have weight, sound and appearance; it is only by considering these that you can write a sentence that is good to look at and good to listen to.
詞具有一定的分量、聲音和形狀,只有考慮到這些因素,寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子才能既好聽(tīng),又好看。(若把“好聽(tīng)”放在最后,就壓不住了。)
24.題目可以照原文譯,也可以根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容擬定。
A Valentine to One Who Cared Too Much.
衷腸曲(這個(gè)題目是參照文章的內(nèi)容擬定的。原題的意思是:在情人節(jié)寫(xiě)給一個(gè)人的信,這個(gè)人關(guān)心的事情太多了。)
25.遇到中國(guó)讀者可能不熟悉的典故、人名、地名等,除了加注以外,還可以在譯文中加幾個(gè)字,略加說(shuō)明。
I learned a great many new words that day. I do not remember what they all were; but I do know that mother, father,sister, teacher were among them — words that were to make the world blossom for me, “l(fā)ike Aaron’s rod, with flowers.”
那一天我學(xué)了許多新詞,也記不清都有哪些詞了。但是其中肯定有“母親”、“父親”、“姐姐”、“老師”——后來(lái)就是這些詞把一個(gè)美好的世界展現(xiàn)在我的面前,就像《圣經(jīng)》上說(shuō)的“亞倫的杖開(kāi)了花”一樣。(這個(gè)典故出自《舊約·民數(shù)記》第17章第8節(jié)。為了幫助中國(guó)讀者了解,譯文加了“就像《圣經(jīng)》上說(shuō)的”幾個(gè)字。)
莊繹傳
全國(guó)翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)資格(水平)考試英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)家委員會(huì)顧問(wèn)
北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)教授
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